Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000 by Stephen Kotkin

Author:Stephen Kotkin [Kotkin, Stephen]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Non-Fiction, Politics, History
ISBN: 9780195368635
Amazon: 0195368630
Goodreads: 482
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Published: 2001-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

8 Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston, 1982), 854.

9 Heinrich Hassmann, Oil in the Soviet Union: History, Geography, Problems (Princeton, 1953), 109; Robert W. Camp-bell, Trends in the Soviet Oil and Gas Industry (Baltimore and London, 1976).

10 Thane Gustafson, Crisis amid Plenty: The Politics of Soviet Energy under Brezhnev and Gorbachev (Princeton, 1989), 47.

11 Khrushchev is also recorded as having said, ‘There are people in the Soviet Union who would say that as long as Stalin was in command, everyone obeyed and there were no great shocks, but now [these new bastards] have come to power, Russia has suffered the defeat and loss of Hungary’

(Mark Kramer, ‘The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings’, Journal of Contemporary History, 33/2 (1998), 163–214 (at 173, 191).

12 Charles S. Maier, Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany (Princeton, 1997); Roman Laba, The Roots of Solidarity: A Political Sociology of Poland’s Working-Class 198

notes

Democratization (Princeton, 1991); Martin Malia, ‘Poland: The Winter War’ and ‘Poland’s Eternal Return’, New York Review of Books, 18 Mar. 1982 and 29 Sept.1983. See also Kazimierz Z. Poznan

śki, Poland’s Protracted Transition: Institutional Change and Economic Growth 1970–1994 (New York, 1996). In the 1970s, Polish economists began to ponder how socialist planning, which presupposed autarky, could be carried out if Poland were to become more and more tied to the world economy. See the (accidentally) prescient work by Marian Ostrowski and Zbigniew Sadowski, Wyzwania rozwojowe (Warsaw, 1978).

13 Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and how they Won the Cold War (New York, 1996), 89; Nikolai Leonov, Likholet’e (Moscow, 1995), 164–5; Pavel Palazchenko, My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter (University Park, PA, 1997), 24.

14 Fred Halliday, ‘A Singular Collapse: The Soviet Union, Market Pressure and Inter-State Competition’, Contention, 1/2 (1992), 121–41.

15 Konstantin Simis, USSR: The Corrupt Society: The Secret World of Soviet Capitalism (New York, 1982), 248.

16 William A. Clark, Crime and Punishment in Soviet Officialdom: Combating Corruption in the Political Elite 1965–1990

(Armonk, NY, 1993); T. H. Rigby, ‘A Conceptual Approach to Authority, Power, and Policy in the Soviet Union’, in Rigby et al. (eds.), Authority, Power, and Policy in the USSR: Essays Dedicated to Leonard Schapiro (London and Basing-stoke, 1983), 9–31.

199

notes

2. Reviving the dream

1 Peter Gornev [pseudonym], ‘The Life of a Soviet Soldier’, in Louis Fischer (ed.), Thirteen Who Fled (New York, 1949), 39. On the process of Soviet defection, including the centrality of knowledge of the outside world, see Jay Bergman, ‘The Memoirs of Soviet Defectors: Are They a Reliable Source about the Soviet Union?’, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 31/1 (1989), 1–24.

2 Richard Crossman (ed.), The God that Failed (New York, 1950), which contains the stories of six prominent Communist apostates, including the editor of the anthology with Gornev’s story. Many former Communists did indeed become anti-Communists on the right. But there was another path, the path traced by Mikhail Gorbachev and millions of others, as my narrative develops.

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